タグ: TEDで英語

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No.14

CA: And since this relationship, it’s amazing— (Applause) And recently, you and Warren have been going around trying to persuade other billionaires and successful people to pledge to give, what, more than half of their assets for philanthropy. How is that going?

BG: Well, we’ve got about 120 people who have now taken this giving pledge. The thing that’s great is that we get together yearly and talk about, okay, do you hire staff, what do you give to them? We’re not trying to homogenize it. I mean, the beauty of philanthropy is this mind-blowing diversity. People give to some things. We look and go, “Wow.” But that’s great. That’s the role of philanthropy is to pick different approaches, including even in one space, like education. We need more experimentation. But it’s been wonderful, meeting those people, sharing their journey to philanthropy, how they involve their kids, where they’re doing it differently, and it’s been way more successful than we expected. Now it looks like it’ll just keep growing in size in the years ahead.

MG: And having people see that other people are making changes with philanthropy, I mean, these are people who have created their own businesses, put their own ingenuity behind incredible ideas. If they put their ideas and their brain behind philanthropy, they can change the world. And they start to see others doing it, and saying, “Wow, I want to do that with my own money.” To me, that’s the piece that’s incredible.

ボキャブラリー

CA: And since this relationship, it’s amazing— (Applause) And recently, you and Warren have been going around trying to persuade other billionaires and successful people to pledge to give, what, more than half of their assets for philanthropy. How is that going?

BG: Well, we’ve got about 120 people who have now taken this giving pledge. The thing that’s great is that we get together yearly and talk about, okay, do you hire staff, what do you give to them? We’re not trying to homogenize it. I mean, the beauty of philanthropy is this mind-blowing diversity. People give to some things. We look and go, “Wow.” But that’s great. That’s the role of philanthropy is to pick different approaches, including even in one space, like education. We need more experimentation. But it’s been wonderful, meeting those people, sharing their journey to philanthropy, how they involve their kids, where they’re doing it differently, and it’s been way more successful than we expected. Now it looks like it’ll just keep growing in size in the years ahead.

MG: And having people see that other people are making changes with philanthropy, I mean, these are people who have created their own businesses, put their own ingenuity behind incredible ideas. If they put their ideas and their brain behind philanthropy, they can change the world. And they start to see others doing it, and saying, “Wow, I want to do that with my own money.” To me, that’s the piece that’s incredible.

go around: 歩き回る、動き回る、あちらこちらに行く
persuade: vt. 説得する、説得して〜させる、口説く、口説き落とす、丸め込む
successful: a. 成功を収めた、出世した、富を得た
pledge: n. 誓約，約束，公約
asset: n. （通例assets）資産，財産
philanthropy: n. 慈善活動，社会奉仕事業
giving: a. 寛大な
get together: 集まる、集合する、会う、会合する
yearly: adv. 毎年，年一回
hire: vt. 〜を雇う
staff: n. スタッフ，職員，社員
homogenize: vt. 〜を均質にする、同質にする
diversity: n. 多様性、相違，差異
experimentation: n. （アイデアなどの有効性を調べるための）実験
ahead: adv. （時間）先に、事前に、あらかじめ
make changes: 修正する、改善する
ingenuity: n. 創意，工夫，創造力
piece: n. 意見、主張；要素，部品

解説

ビル・ゲイツ氏とウォーレン・バフェット氏は，二人で食事をしているときに、他の億万長者たちにも、財産の多くを寄付してもらう計画を立てたそうです。
最初に、ゲイツ氏、妻のメリンダさん，バフェット氏で、フォーブス誌に掲載されている最も裕福な人々のリスト４００人に順番に電話を掛けました。
そして、これらのほとんど面識のない人立ちに、財産を寄付する誓約に参加するよう説得していきました。
この誓約は法的な契約書ではなく、自分のモラル的な決心を表明するもので、どこにどれくらい寄付するのかという内容も自分で決めます。

こちらのサイトに、誓約の内容が載っています。→ “The Giving Pledge” 

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No.13

CA: I mean, you’ve easily got enough money despite your vast contributions to the foundation to make them all billionaires. Is that your plan for them?

BG: Nope. No. They won’t have anything like that. They need to have a sense that their own work is meaningful and important. We read an article long, actually, before we got married, where Warren Buffett talked about that, and we’re quite convinced that it wasn’t a favor either to society or to the kids.

CA: Well, speaking of Warren Buffett, something really amazing happened in 2006, when somehow your only real rival for richest person in America suddenly turned around and agreed to give 80 percent of his fortune to your foundation. How on Earth did that happen? I guess there’s a long version and a short version of that. We’ve got time for the short version.

BG: All right. Well, Warren was a close friend, and he was going to have his wife Suzie give it all away. Tragically, she passed away before he did, and he’s big on delegation, and — (Laughter) — he said —

CA: Tweet that.

BG: If he’s got somebody who is doing something well, and is willing to do it at no charge, maybe that’s okay. But we were stunned.
MG: Totally stunned.
BG: We had never expected it, and it has been unbelievable. It’s allowed us to increase our ambition in what the foundation can do quite dramatically. Half the resources we have come from Warren’s mind-blowing generosity.

CA: And I think you’ve pledged that by the time you’re done, more than, or 95 percent of your wealth, will be given to the foundation.

BG: Yes.

ボキャブラリー

CA: I mean, you’ve easily got enough money despite your vast contributions to the foundation to make them all billionaires. Is that your plan for them?

BG: Nope. No. They won’t have anything like that. They need to have a sense that their own work is meaningful and important. We read an article long, actually, before we got married, where Warren Buffett talked about that, and we’re quite convinced that it wasn’t a favor either to society or to the kids.

CA: Well, speaking of Warren Buffett, something really amazing happened in 2006, when somehow your only real rival for richest person in America suddenly turned around and agreed to give 80 percent of his fortune to your foundation. How on Earth did that happen? I guess there’s a long version and a short version of that. We’ve got time for the short version.

BG: All right. Well, Warren was a close friend, and he was going to have his wife Suzie give it all away. Tragically, she passed away before he did, and he’s big on delegation, and — (Laughter) — he said —

CA: Tweet that.

BG: If he’s got somebody who is doing something well, and is willing to do it at no charge, maybe that’s okay. But we were stunned.

MG: Totally stunned.

BG: We had never expected it, and it has been unbelievable. It’s allowed us to increase our ambition in what the foundation can do quite dramatically. Half the resources we have come from Warren’s mind-blowing generosity.

CA: And I think you’ve pledged that by the time you’re done, more than, or 95 percent of your wealth, will be given to the foundation.

BG: Yes.

vast: a. 広大な、非常に広い、広漠とした、巨大な；膨大な、莫大な、巨額の
contribution: n. 貢献、寄付、出資、寄与、寄贈、寄稿、投稿
billionaire: n.億万長者 (百万長者はmillionaire)
nope: adv.｟くだけた話｠いいえ(no)(↔yep)
meaningful: a. 意味深い、有意義な、意味深長な、意味ありげな
long before: 〜よりずっと以前に[から]
Warren Buffett: ウォーレン・バフェット。アメリカ合衆国の著名な投資家、経営者。世界最大の投資持株会社であるバークシャー・ハサウェイの筆頭株主であり、同社の会長兼CEOを務める。
be convinced that ~ / of ~：〈人が〉…ということを確信している
turn around: 向きを変える、反転する
turn around [round] and 〜：〔向き直って〕不意に［失礼にも］～する
close friend: 親しい友人，親友
bíg on ~: 〈物事〉が大好きで; ~に熱中して; ~〈特徴など〉が盛りだくさんで.
delegation: n. 委任，委譲、代表派遣、派遣団，使節団
tweet: v. さえずる、〔ツイッターで〕つぶやく
be willing to do: 〜する意志がある、〜するのをいとわない、〜する気がある
at no charge: 無料で
stunned: a. 唖然として、愕然として、茫然として
totally: adv. すっごく、とても、本当に
mind-blowing: 強いショックを与える、ショッキングな、恍惚とさせる、びっくりするような
generosity: n. 気前の良さ，惜しみなさ、寛容さ、寛大さ、高潔
pledge: vt. 誓う、誓約する、保証する
resources: n. 財産，資産
wealth: n. 財産，富，資産

解説
ウォーレン・エドワード・バフェット
（Warren Edward Buffett, 1930年8月30日 – ）アメリカ合衆国の著名な投資家、経営者。世界最大の投資持株会社であるバークシャー・ハサウェイの筆頭株主で、同社の会長兼CEOを務める。

ウォーレン・バフェットによる寄附
2006年6月25日、世界一の投資家と呼ばれ、ゲイツに次いで世界第3位の富豪であったウォーレン・バフェットは、彼の持つ個人資産のうち85％を複数の慈善財団に寄附し、その85%中83%をB&MGFに充てると発表した。この寄附は現金ではなく彼自身が率いる米投資会社バークシャー・ハサウェイのB種株式およそ1000万株によって行われ、その額は307億ドル(同年6月23日時点での評価額)にのぼる。言うまでもなくこれは史上最大の寄附であり、B&MGFの規模は一挙に倍増した。
なお、この寄附は一度に行われるものではなく、株式の5%ずつが毎年支払われる。また、ゲイツ夫妻が生存しており、財団で活動していること、寄附された額と同額が毎年助成に使われることが条件となっている。[ウィキペディアより]

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No.12

MG: And her dad had told me how afraid he was that unlike the son, who had passed his secondary exams, because of her chores, she’d not done so well and wasn’t in the government school yet. He said, “I don’t know how I’m going to pay for her education. I can’t pay for private school, and she may end up on this farm like my wife.” So they know the difference that an education can make in a huge, profound way.

CA: I mean, this is another pic of your other two kids, Rory and Phoebe, along with Paul Farmer. Bringing up three children when you’re the world’s richest family seems like a social experiment without much prior art. How have you managed it? What’s been your approach?

BG: Well, I’d say overall the kids get a great education, but you’ve got to make sure they have a sense of their own ability and what they’re going to go and do, and our philosophy has been to be very clear with them — most of the money’s going to the foundation — and help them find something they’re excited about. We want to strike a balance where they have the freedom to do anything but not a lot of money showered on them so they could go out and do nothing. And so far, they’re fairly diligent, excited to pick their own direction.

CA: You’ve obviously guarded their privacy carefully for obvious reasons. I’m curious why you’ve given me permission to show this picture now here at TED.

MG: Well, it’s interesting. As they get older, they so know that our family belief is about responsibility, that we are in an unbelievable situation just to live in the United States and have a great education, and we have a responsibility to give back to the world. And so as they get older and we are teaching them — they have been to so many countries around the world — they’re saying, we do want people to know that we believe in what you’re doing, Mom and Dad, and it is okay to show us more. So we have their permission to show this picture, and I think Paul Farmer is probably going to put it eventually in some of his work. But they really care deeply about the mission of the foundation, too.

ボキャブラリー

MG: And her dad had told me how afraid he was that unlike the son, who had passed his secondary exams, because of her chores, she’d not done so well and wasn’t in the government school yet. He said, “I don’t know how I’m going to pay for her education. I can’t pay for private school, and she may end up on this farm like my wife.” So they know the difference that an education can make in a huge, profound way.

CA: I mean, this is another pic of your other two kids, Rory and Phoebe, along with Paul Farmer. Bringing up three children when you’re the world’s richest family seems like a social experiment without much prior art. How have you managed it? What’s been your approach?

BG: Well, I’d say overall the kids get a great education, but you’ve got to make sure they have a sense of their own ability and what they’re going to go and do, and our philosophy has been to be very clear with them — most of the money’s going to the foundation — and help them find something they’re excited about. We want to strike a balance where they have the freedom to do anything but not a lot of money showered on them so they could go out and do nothing. And so far, they’re fairly diligent, excited to pick their own direction.

CA: You’ve obviously guarded their privacy carefully for obvious reasons. I’m curious why you’ve given me permission to show this picture now here at TED.

MG: Well, it’s interesting. As they get older, they so know that our family belief is about responsibility, that we are in an unbelievable situation just to live in the United States and have a great education, and we have a responsibility to give back to the world. And so as they get older and we are teaching them — they have been to so many countries around the world — they’re saying, we do want people to know that we believe in what you’re doing, Mom and Dad, and it is okay to show us more. So we have their permission to show this picture, and I think Paul Farmer is probably going to put it eventually in some of his work. But they really care deeply about the mission of the foundation, too.
unlike: prep. 〜とは違って
secondary exam: 二次試験
chore: n. 雑事，雑用，仕事，作業（家事・農作業など）
end up: 結局〜になる、最後は〜に行き着く［落ちつく］
make a difference: 違いが生まれる、効果がある、改善する、良くする
pic: n. (= picture) 写真、絵
along with: 〜と並んで、〜と一緒に、〜に加えて、〜の他に
Paul Farmer: ポール・ファーマー（1959年生まれ。発展途上国での医療活動で有名な医師・医療人類学者）
bring up: 育てる、育成する、しつける、養育する
social experiment: 社会的実験
prior art: 先行技術，既知の技術、従来技術
approach: n. やり方，扱い方、姿勢，取り組み
overall: adv. 概して、全体としては、全般的に見て
have a sense of ~: 〜という実感を持つ、感覚を持つ
ability: n. 能力，才能、できること
philosophy: n. 哲学；人生観，物の見方，信条、価値観
strike a balance: 釣り合いを取る；妥協点を探る、うまく両立させる
guard: vt. 守る、保護する
permission: n. 許可，認可，承認，同意
get older: 年を取る，年を重ねるとお
unbelievable: a. 信じられない、すごい、驚くべき
believe in: 〜を信頼する、〜の存在［正当性］を信じる
eventually: adv. 最終的には、結局、いつかは、ゆくゆくは
deeply: adv. 深く、重く、非常に、強烈に
mission: n. 使命，目的，目標
foundation: n. 財団，基金

解説

ポール・ファーマーについては
→http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Farmer

ポール・ファーマーの著作

権力の病理 誰が行使し誰が苦しむのか―― 医療・人権・貧困

復興するハイチ ―― 震災から、そして貧困から 医師たちの闘いの記録

2010―11他者の苦しみへの責任――ソーシャル・サファリングを知る

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No.13

So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, “Look, you’ve gotta participate or else you’re going to fail,” came into my office. I really didn’t know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, “I’m not supposed to be here.” And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don’t feel like that anymore. You know. I don’t feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. So I was like, “Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you’re going to fake it, you’re going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you’re gonna — ” (Applause) (Applause) “And you’re going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever. “You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn’t even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)

She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don’t fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. You know? It’s not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.

The last thing I’m going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That’s what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.

So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don’t have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life.
Thank you. (Applause)

ボキャブラリー

So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, “Look, you’ve gotta participate or else you’re going to fail,” came into my office. I really didn’t know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, “I’m not supposed to be here.” And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don’t feel like that anymore. You know. I don’t feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. So I was like, “Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you’re going to fake it, you’re going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you’re gonna — ” (Applause) (Applause) “And you’re going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever. “You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn’t even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)

She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don’t fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. You know? It’s not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.

The last thing I’m going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That’s what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.

So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don’t have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life.
Thank you. (Applause)

entire: a. 全体の、全部の、すべての
semester: n.｟主に米｠(高校・大学の)学期 (２学期制の学期で１８週間程度。３学期制の場合はterm、４学期制の場合はquarter)　（cf. the first [second] semester: 前[後]期）
the entire semester: まるまる１学期
or else: あるいは、さもないと
office: n. 研究室、事務所、オフィス
totally: adv. 完全に、全く、すっかり、すっごく、とても
defeat: vt. うち負かす、倒す、破る、打倒する、くじく、失敗させる
comment: n. （〜についての）論評、批評、見解、意見、コメント；注釈、解説（on, about, upon）
internalize: vt. （習慣・基準・思想・原理など）を身につける、自分のものにする、吸収する；内面化する、内在化する
leave 人 with ~: 人に〜を残す
evaluative: a. 評価の、査定の
stall: n. （トイレやシャワールームなどの）個室、区画；売店、露店、屋台
configure: vt. 構成する、配列する、設定する、作る
cope: vi. うまく処理する、なんとか切り抜ける、対抗する、対処する、うまく処理する(with)
power posing: 力強いポーズ
share: vt. 共有する、分ける、分配する
science: n. （体系的な）技術、方法；科学、科学的知識
ego: n. 自我、自負心、自尊心；自己意識
give away: （秘密などを）漏らす、ばらす、（不要なものを）譲る、贈る、（隠しているものを）表す、表に出す
resource: n. (~s)（困難を克服する人間的）資質、性質、性格；資源；機転、才覚、能力
in private: こっそり、秘密に（⇔ in public「人前で」）
significantly: adv. 著しく、大きく、かなり、意義深く

解説

パワー・ポーズのコツは、無意識にそれができるまで続けることです。自分の心に劣等感がある場合は、それを凌駕するくらいポーズを行うことです。
姿勢が心に作用し、心が習慣になり、習慣が自己意識となり自己評価となります。
人間の心も時代とともに進化してきて、全てが自分の心によって作り出されているということが分かってきました。
できるかできないか、ではなく、やるかやらないか，の問題だけなのです。

TEDで英語学習，エイミー・カディ編はこの回で終了です。
ご購読ありがとうございました。
今後も他の教材をお楽しみください。
とても良いスピーチが盛りだくさんです。

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No.11

CA: So Melinda, this is you and your eldest daughter, Jenn. And just taken about three weeks ago, I think, three or four weeks ago. Where was this?

MG: So we went to Tanzania. Jenn’s been to Tanzania. All our kids have been to Africa quite a bit, actually. And we did something very different, which is, we decided to go spend two nights and three days with a family. Anna and Sanare are the parents. They invited us to come and stay in their boma. Actually, the goats had been there, I think, living in that particular little hut on their little compound before we got there. And we stayed with their family, and we really, really learned what life is like in rural Tanzania. And the difference between just going and visiting for half a day or three quarters of a day versus staying overnight was profound, and so let me just give you one explanation of that. They had six children, and as I talked to Anna in the kitchen, we cooked for about five hours in the cooking hut that day, and as I talked to her, she had absolutely planned and spaced with her husband the births of their children. It was a very loving relationship. This was a Masai warrior and his wife, but they had decided to get married, they clearly had respect and love in the relationship. Their children, their six children, the two in the middle were twins, 13, a boy, and a girl named Grace. And when we’d go out to chop wood and do all the things that Grace and her mother would do, Grace was not a child, she was an adolescent, but she wasn’t an adult. She was very, very shy. So she kept wanting to talk to me and Jenn. We kept trying to engage her, but she was shy. And at night, though, when all the lights went out in rural Tanzania, and there was no moon that night, the first night, and no stars, and Jenn came out of our hut with her REI little headlamp on, Grace went immediately, and got the translator, came straight up to my Jenn and said, “When you go home, can I have your headlamp so I can study at night?”

CA: Oh, wow.

ボキャブラリー

CA: So Melinda, this is you and your eldest daughter, Jenn. And just taken about three weeks ago, I think, three or four weeks ago. Where was this?

MG: So we went to Tanzania. Jenn’s been to Tanzania. All our kids have been to Africa quite a bit, actually. And we did something very different, which is, we decided to go spend two nights and three days with a family. Anna and Sanare are the parents. They invited us to come and stay in their boma. Actually, the goats had been there, I think, living in that particular little hut on their little compound before we got there. And we stayed with their family, and we really, really learned what life is like in rural Tanzania. And the difference between just going and visiting for half a day or three quarters of a day versus staying overnight was profound, and so let me just give you one explanation of that. They had six children, and as I talked to Anna in the kitchen, we cooked for about five hours in the cooking hut that day, and as I talked to her, she had absolutely planned and spaced with her husband the births of their children. It was a very loving relationship. This was a Masai warrior and his wife, but they had decided to get married, they clearly had respect and love in the relationship. Their children, their six children, the two in the middle were twins, 13, a boy, and a girl named Grace. And when we’d go out to chop wood and do all the things that Grace and her mother would do, Grace was not a child, she was an adolescent, but she wasn’t an adult. She was very, very shy. So she kept wanting to talk to me and Jenn. We kept trying to engage her, but she was shy. And at night, though, when all the lights went out in rural Tanzania, and there was no moon that night, the first night, and no stars, and Jenn came out of our hut with her REI little headlamp on, Grace went immediately, and got the translator, came straight up to my Jenn and said, “When you go home, can I have your headlamp so I can study at night?”

CA: Oh, wow.

eldest: a. 最年長の、一番年上の
Tanzania: n. タンザニア。（正称：タンザニア連合共和国 。アフリカ東部、インド洋に面する連合共和国。首都ダルエス-サラームDar es Salaam（法律上はドドマ））
boma: n. 《南ア》（キャンプや家畜を守るための）イバラの垣根をめぐらせた囲い；家畜用の囲い地 (cattel boma)
goat: n. ヤギ
hut: n. 小屋、あばら屋、動物のための小屋；掘建て小屋，仮の宿舎(shed)
compound：n./kɑ́mpaʊnd|kɔ́m-/ (囲いをした)区域, 住宅街 〘特にインドマレー半島中国などでの欧州人の屋敷や工場〙; (刑務所などの)構内
rural: a. いなかの、地方の、田園の
quarter: n. ４分の１
three quarters: ４分の３
versus: prep. 〜に対して、〜に対比して、対
overnight: adv. 一晩中、夜通しで
stay overnight: 一泊する
profound: a. 深い、徹底的な、大規模な、全くの、深遠な、深刻な
absolutely: adv. 完全に、全く、確実に、絶対に、間違いなく
space: vt. 〜の間隔をあける
loving: a. 愛情あふれる、愛情のこもった、愛情がある
Masai: n., a. マサイ族（の）
warrior: n. 戦士
chop: vt. （木など）を切り倒す[落とす]、〜を切り離す
adolescent: n. 青年期の人，若者
adult: n. 大人，成人
engage: vt. （人）を引き込む、（人の注意・関心など）を引く
REI: アメリカ最大のアウトドア用品販売店 　http://www.rei.com/
headlamp: n. （=headlight) ヘッドライト
immediately: adv. すぐに、すぐさま、直ちに、即座に
translator: n. 通訳者，翻訳者

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No.12

Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That’s it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, “I’m quitting.” She was like, “You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you’re staying. You’re going to stay, and this is what you’re going to do. You are going to fake it. You’re going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You’re just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you’re terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, ‘Oh my gosh, I’m doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'” So that’s what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I’m at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I’m at Harvard, I’m not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, “Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here.”

ボキャブラリー

Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That’s it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, “I’m quitting.” She was like, “You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you’re staying. You’re going to stay, and this is what you’re going to do. You are going to fake it. You’re going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You’re just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you’re terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, ‘Oh my gosh, I’m doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this.'” So that’s what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I’m at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I’m at Harvard, I’m not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, “Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here.”

graduate from: 〜を卒業する
peer: n. 仲間、同僚、同級生、クラスメート、友人、同輩
convince A to do: vt. A(人)に〜するように説得する、説得して〜させる
angel: n. 天使、天使のような人、とても優しい人、守護神
adviser: ｟米｠(大学の)指導教官; (新入生)担当教員.
take on: 迎い入れる、雇い入れる、採用する、（生徒などを）とる、引き受ける
end up : 結局[最後には]〜になる、〜で終わる、最後は〜に落ちつく[行き着く]
Princeton: アメリカ、ニュージャージー州にある学術都市（ここではプリンストン大学のこと）
be not supposed to ~: 〜してはいけないことになっている、〜することにはなっていない
impostor: n. ペテン師、かたり、詐欺師、身分詐称者
That’s it.:｟話｠(話の最後で)以上です、それで全部[おしまい]です、いいぞ、その調子 (!励まし正しい方法であることなどを表す)、 (そう)それだ (探し物を発見したり, 何かがわかったときに用いる) 、そうです, その通り(exactly) (相手への同意, 賛意を表す) 、そこが問題なんだ (itに強勢を置く)
quit: vi. やめる、中止する；去る
gamble: n. 賭け、賭け事、ギャンブル
take a gamble on ~: 〜に一か八かの賭けをする
fake: vt. 〜のふりをする」、装う
terrify: vt. 〜をおびえさせる、ひどくこわがらせる
paralyze: vt. 〜を麻痺させる、しびれさせる、〜を無力にする
out-of-body: a. 自分の肉体を離れた、体外離脱の、超現実的な
Oh my gosh: 信じられない、まあ、あれ、えっ、しまった、ヒャー（goshはGodの婉曲表現）
grad school: 大学院＝graduate school
Northwestern: ノースウエスタン大学
Harvard: ハーバード大学
for a long time: 長い間

解説

Susan Fiske: スーザン・フィスクについてはこちら→http://psych.princeton.edu/~psych/psychology/research/fiske/index.php

私たちの社会は、価値を自分の外に探そうとする傾向があります。
自分の外に探すと、どうしても自分と他人の差に目が向きます。つまり、自分が持っていて他人が持っていないもの、自分が持っていなくて他人が持っているもの。
エイミー・カディさんのように、もともとは平均以上の人は自分が持っていて他人が持っていないものを見て優越感を持ちます。そして、事故後は自分がかつて持っていたものと、今持っていないものを比較して悲しみます。
ほとんどの人は自分の持っているものを見ずに、自分に足りないものばかりを見ています。人はこのような見方では決して幸せではありません。
自分に目を向け、持っているものを感謝できること、人が持っているものを褒められること、これが幸せな在り方ですね。

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No.10

CA: So, in vaccines and polio and so forth, you’ve had some amazing successes. What about failure, though? Can you talk about a failure and maybe what you’ve learned from it?

BG: Yeah. Fortunately, we can afford a few failures, because we’ve certainly had them. We do a lot of drug work or vaccine work that you know you’re going to have different failures. Like, we put out, one that got a lot of publicity was asking for a better condom. Well, we got hundreds of ideas. Maybe a few of those will work out. We were very naïve, certainly I was, about a drug for a disease in India, visceral leishmaniasis, that I thought, once I got this drug, we can just go wipe out the disease. Well, turns out it took an injection every day for 10 days. It took three more years to get it than we expected, and then there was no way it was going to get out there. Fortunately, we found out that if you go kill the sand flies, you probably can have success there, but we spent five years, you could say wasted five years, and about 60 million, on a path that turned out to have very modest benefit when we got there.

CA: You’re spending, like, a billion dollars a year in education, I think, something like that. Is anything, the story of what’s gone right there is quite a long and complex one. Are there any failures that you can talk about?

MG: Well, I would say a huge lesson for us out of the early work is we thought that these small schools were the answer, and small schools definitely help. They bring down the dropout rate. They have less violence and crime in those schools. But the thing that we learned from that work, and what turned out to be the fundamental key, is a great teacher in front of the classroom. If you don’t have an effective teacher in the front of the classroom, I don’t care how big or small the building is, you’re not going to change the trajectory of whether that student will be ready for college. (Applause)

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, in vaccines and polio and so forth, you’ve had some amazing successes. What about failure, though? Can you talk about a failure and maybe what you’ve learned from it?

BG: Yeah. Fortunately, we can afford a few failures, because we’ve certainly had them. We do a lot of drug work or vaccine work that you know you’re going to have different failures. Like, we put out, one that got a lot of publicity was asking for a better condom. Well, we got hundreds of ideas. Maybe a few of those will work out. We were very naïve, certainly I was, about a drug for a disease in India, visceral leishmaniasis, that I thought, once I got this drug, we can just go wipe out the disease. Well, turns out it took an injection every day for 10 days. It took three more years to get it than we expected, and then there was no way it was going to get out there. Fortunately, we found out that if you go kill the sand flies, you probably can have success there, but we spent five years, you could say wasted five years, and about 60 million, on a path that turned out to have very modest benefit when we got there.

CA: You’re spending, like, a billion dollars a year in education, I think, something like that. Is anything, the story of what’s gone right there is quite a long and complex one. Are there any failures that you can talk about?

MG: Well, I would say a huge lesson for us out of the early work is we thought that these small schools were the answer, and small schools definitely help. They bring down the dropout rate. They have less violence and crime in those schools. But the thing that we learned from that work, and what turned out to be the fundamental key, is a great teacher in front of the classroom. If you don’t have an effective teacher in the front of the classroom, I don’t care how big or small the building is, you’re not going to change the trajectory of whether that student will be ready for college. (Applause)

and so forth: その他、〜など (= and so on, etc., & c.)
amazing: a. すばらしい、驚くほどよい；びっくりするような
failure: n. 失敗，不成功；落第、不出来、障害
put out: 出す、生み出す、生産する、公開する
publicity: n. 注目，評判、知名度
work out: うまくいく、いい結果が出る
naive: a. 世間知らずの、単純な、だまされやすい、お人好しの；浅はかな
visceral: a. 内蔵の、腸の
leishmaniasis: n. リーシュマニア症《リーシュマニア原虫が吸血昆虫サシチョウバエを介して人や犬などの体内に侵入し起こる感染症》
wipe out:〈場所人など〉を全滅させる;〈人〉を殺す;〈疫病犯罪など〉を根絶する
turn out: 結局〜であることが分かる、結局〜になる、〜ということが分かる
injection: n. 注射
find out: 見いだす、発見する、解明する；気がつく
sand fly: n. サシチョウバエ《吸血し、種類によってはリーシュマニア症の病原菌を運ぶチョウバエ科(Psychodidae)の小形のハエ》
modest: a. ささやかな、少量の；控えめな；質素な；謙虚な
complex: a. 複雑な、複合の、込み入った、手間のかかる
help: vi. 役に立つ、助けになる
bring down: 下げる、減らす、低くする、減少させる
dropout: n. 中退（者）、脱落者、おちこぼれ
rate: n. 割合、比率
dropout rate: 中退率
fundamental: a. 基本的な、基礎の、抜本的な、必須の
trajectory: n. [人生などの]軌跡，通り道；軌道，軌跡

解説

ビル・ゲイツが支援する次世代コンドーム開発については以下のサイトを参考にして下さい。

1. http://gigazine.net/news/20140610-next-generation-condom/

2. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2648333/Scientist-given-100-000-Bill-Gates-develop-condom.html

3. http://www.grandchallenges.org/Explorations/Topics/Pages/NextGenerationCondomRound11.aspx

4. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bill-gates-funding-next-generation-of-skinlike-super-thin-condoms-to-fight-aids-9499427.html

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No.11

So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, “I don’t — It feels fake.” Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. I don’t — It’s not me. I don’t want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don’t want to feel like an impostor. I don’t want to get there only to feel like I’m not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I’m not supposed to be here.

When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my IQ because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I’m taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, “You’re not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that’s not going to work out for you.” So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there’s nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

ボキャブラリー

So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, “I don’t — It feels fake.” Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. I don’t — It’s not me. I don’t want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don’t want to feel like an impostor. I don’t want to get there only to feel like I’m not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me, because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I’m not supposed to be here.

When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. I knew my IQ because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I’m taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, “You’re not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that’s not going to work out for you.” So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there’s nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

outcome: n. 結果、成果、結末
fake: n. ふり、装い、偽物、やらせ、いかさま
fake: vt. 〜のふりをする、を装う、をでっち上げる
fraud: n.詐欺、ペテン、いかさま
impostor: n. = imposter（他人になりすます）詐欺師、ペテン師
be supposed to ~ : 〜しても良い、〜することが許されている
resonate with ~: 〜に共感を呼び起こす、反響する
car accident : 自動車事故
be thrown out of a car: 車から投げ出される
head injury: 頭部外傷[損傷]
rehab ward: リハビリ病棟（rehabは rehabilitation「リハビリテーション」のこと）
withdraw: vt. （参加や加入を）やめさせる、身を引かせる、（活動などから）退かせる、退却させる
IQ: = intelligence quotient 知能指数
standard deviation: 標準偏差
traumatic: a. 心的外傷を与える、深い心の傷として残る、トラウマの、ショッキングな
identify: vt. 確認する、同定する、明確にする
gifted: a. （天賦の）才能のある、優れた
as: prep. 〜の時に
as a child: 子供のときに
take — out of ~: —を〜から取る、外す
struggle: vi. 格闘する、もがく、あがく、（困難などと）闘う
smart: a. 利口な、賢い、頭の回転が速い
entirely: adv. 完全に、まったく；もっぱら、ひたすら
work: vi. （忍耐強く・絶えず）努力する、専念する；勉強する
get lucky: 運良く成功する

解説

標準偏差については以下のサイトを参考。
→『平均と標準偏差』 

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No.09

CA: So what do you guys argue about? Sunday, 11 o’clock, you’re away from work, what comes up? What’s the argument?

BG: Because we built this thing together from the beginning, it’s this great partnership. I had that with Paul Allen in the early days of Microsoft. I had it with Steve Ballmer as Microsoft got bigger, and now Melinda, and in even stronger, equal ways, is the partner, so we talk a lot about which things should we give more to, which groups are working well? She’s got a lot of insight. She’ll sit down with the employees a lot. We’ll take the different trips she described. So there’s a lot of collaboration. I can’t think of anything where one of us had a super strong opinion about one thing or another?

CA: How about you, Melinda, though? Can you? (Laughter) You never know.

MG: Well, here’s the thing. We come at things from different angles, and I actually think that’s really good. So Bill can look at the big data and say, “I want to act based on these global statistics.” For me, I come at it from intuition. I meet with lots of people on the ground and Bill’s taught me to take that and read up to the global data and see if they match, and I think what I’ve taught him is to take that data and meet with people on the ground to understand, can you actually deliver that vaccine? Can you get a woman to accept those polio drops in her child’s mouth? Because the delivery piece is every bit as important as the science. So I think it’s been more a coming to over time towards each other’s point of view, and quite frankly, the work is better because of it.

ボキャブラリー

CA: So what do you guys argue about? Sunday, 11 o’clock, you’re away from work, what comes up? What’s the argument?

BG: Because we built this thing together from the beginning, it’s this great partnership. I had that with Paul Allen in the early days of Microsoft. I had it with Steve Ballmer as Microsoft got bigger, and now Melinda, and in even stronger, equal ways, is the partner, so we talk a lot about which things should we give more to, which groups are working well? She’s got a lot of insight. She’ll sit down with the employees a lot. We’ll take the different trips she described. So there’s a lot of collaboration. I can’t think of anything where one of us had a super strong opinion about one thing or another?

CA: How about you, Melinda, though? Can you? (Laughter) You never know.

MG: Well, here’s the thing. We come at things from different angles, and I actually think that’s really good. So Bill can look at the big data and say, “I want to act based on these global statistics.” For me, I come at it from intuition. I meet with lots of people on the ground and Bill’s taught me to take that and read up to the global data and see if they match, and I think what I’ve taught him is to take that data and meet with people on the ground to understand, can you actually deliver that vaccine? Can you get a woman to accept those polio drops in her child’s mouth? Because the delivery piece is every bit as important as the science. So I think it’s been more a coming to over time towards each other’s point of view, and quite frankly, the work is better because of it.

collaboration: 協力，協調、協業、共同制作
insight: n. 洞察力，明察、深い理解，見識，眼識
sit down with ~: 〜と膝を交える、と話し合う
here’s the thing.: あのね、つまりね、こういうことなんです
come at : 〜に達する；〜をつかむ、得る
angle: n. （物を眺める）位置；（カメラの）アングル；（問題・状況に対する）見方，観点
from a different angle: 異なった観点から
statistics: n. 統計（学）
intuition: 直感（力）、直覚（力）
on the ground: 現場で；実地に、実用的に；一般大衆の間[草の根]に
polio: n. 小児麻痺，ポリオ，脊髄灰白質炎（poliomyelitis の略。＝infantile paralysis）
every bit: あらゆる点で、全部，みんな、全く
over time: 時間とともに、そのうちに、ひとりでに

解説

Paul allen: ポール・アレン（Paul Gardner Allen, 1953年1月21日 – ）は、マイクロソフト社の共同創業者。1983年に退社し、1990年に復帰するが、2000年に再び退社、取締役も退任。現在は資産運用や投資を業務とするバルカン社を経営している。
Steve Ballmer: スティーブ・バルマー（Steven Anthony Ballmer、1956年3月24日 – ）アメリカ合衆国の実業家、マイクロソフト社最高経営責任者（2000年1月 – 2014年2月4日）。

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No.10

So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that’s not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don’t do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It’s you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. Right? You’re sitting down. You’re looking at your iPhone — or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You are, you know, you’re looking at your notes, you’re hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that’s what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It’s five minutes long. They are being recorded. They’re being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It’s what Marianne LaFrance calls “standing in social quicksand.” So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They’re blind to the hypothesis. They’re blind to the conditions. They have no idea who’s been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, “Oh, we want to hire these people,” — all the high-power posers — “we don’t want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall.” But what’s driving it? It’s not about the content of the speech. It’s about the presence that they’re bringing to the speech. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what’s affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They’re bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what’s driving the effect, or mediating the effect.

ボキャブラリー

So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that’s not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don’t do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It’s you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. Right? You’re sitting down. You’re looking at your iPhone — or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You are, you know, you’re looking at your notes, you’re hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that’s what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It’s five minutes long. They are being recorded. They’re being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It’s what Marianne LaFrance calls “standing in social quicksand.” So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They’re blind to the hypothesis. They’re blind to the conditions. They have no idea who’s been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, “Oh, we want to hire these people,” — all the high-power posers — “we don’t want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall.” But what’s driving it? It’s not about the content of the speech. It’s about the presence that they’re bringing to the speech. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what’s affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They’re bringing themselves. They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what’s driving the effect, or mediating the effect.

publish: vt. 〔正式に〕発表[公表・公開]する、出版する、刊行する
go in for ~: 〔競技などに〕参加する、〔試験などを〕受ける
horrify: vt. （人を）怖がらせる、ぞっとさせる、びっくりさせる
numerous: a. 多数の、非常に多くの
for numerous reasons: 多くの理由で
leave out: 〜を除外する
hunch up: 肩をすぼめる、身を縮こめる、背を丸くする
bring — into ~: —を〜に連れてくる、参加させる
go through ~: 〜を体験する、経験する、味わう
stressful: a. 緊張の多い、ストレスの多い
judge: vt. 鑑定する、評価する
judge: n. 審査員、判定者
feedback: n. 反応、意見、評価、感想
hackle: vt. 質問攻めにする、やじを飛ばす、（質問・やじで）妨害する
quicksand: n. 流砂；〔抜け出すのに困難な〕危険な状況、窮地、泥沼
spike: vi. 急上昇する、釘のように飛び出る。vt. 〜を犬くぎで止める、犬くぎで固定する。（ここでは「コルチゾールを急上昇させる」という意味で使われているが、文法的には不正確。）
put — through ~: —に〜を経験させる、受けさせる
these: a. ｟話｠ある (何人かのいくつかの) (人物を話に導入して, 既出のことのような感覚を与える)
coder: n. （ここではdecoder「解読者、読み取る人」のこと。coderはしばしばencoderの略として使われるが、ここではdecoderの略と予想される。）
blind to ~: 〜に気づいていない、分かっていない
hypothesis: n. 仮説、仮定、前提
end up ~ing: 最終的に〜することになる
a set of ~: 一組の、一連の
hire: vt. 雇う
overall: adv. 概して、全体としては、全般的に見れば
drive: vt. 〜をさせる、駆り立てる
content: n. 内容、中身、趣旨
presence: n. 存在感、貫禄、風采、存在
rate: vt. 評価する、格付けする
variable: n. 変数、変化するもの
competence: n. 能力、適性
well-structured: よく構成された
qualification: n. 〖通例～s〗資格, 認定；適性, 技能, 経験 «for / to do»
affect: vt. 〜に影響する、作用する、〜の心に影響を与える
self: n. 自分自身、本性、性格
one’s true self: 本当の自分、本性
residue: n. 残余、残り、残留物、かす、燃え殻
mediate: vt. 〜に影響を与える、〜を左右する