投稿者: akioiwai

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No.06

CA: Bill, this is your graph. What’s this about?

BG: Well, my graph has numbers on it. (Laughter) I really like this graph. This is the number of children who die before the age of five every year. And what you find is really a phenomenal success story which is not widely known, that we are making incredible progress. We go from 20 million not long after I was born to now we’re down to about six million. So this is a story largely of vaccines. Smallpox was killing a couple million kids a year. That was eradicated, so that got down to zero. Measles was killing a couple million a year. That’s down to a few hundred thousand. Anyway, this is a chart where you want to get that number to continue, and it’s going to be possible, using the science of new vaccines, getting the vaccines out to kids. We can actually accelerate the progress. The last decade, that number has dropped faster than ever in history, and so I just love the fact that you can say, okay, if we can invent new vaccines, we can get them out there, use the very latest understanding of these things, and get the delivery right, that we can perform a miracle.

ボキャブラリー

CA: Bill, this is your graph. What’s this about?

BG: Well, my graph has numbers on it. (Laughter) I really like this graph. This is the number of children who die before the age of five every year. And what you find is really a phenomenal success story which is not widely known, that we are making incredible progress. We go from 20 million not long after I was born to now we’re down to about six million. So this is a story largely of vaccines. Smallpox was killing a couple million kids a year. That was eradicated, so that got down to zero. Measles was killing a couple million a year. That’s down to a few hundred thousand. Anyway, this is a chart where you want to get that number to continue, and it’s going to be possible, using the science of new vaccines, getting the vaccines out to kids. We can actually accelerate the progress. The last decade, that number has dropped faster than ever in history, and so I just love the fact that you can say, okay, if we can invent new vaccines, we can get them out there, use the very latest understanding of these things, and get the delivery right, that we can perform a miracle.

phenomenal: a. 驚くべき、すばらしい、並外れた、まれに見る
success story: サクセス・ストーリー、成功談
widely: adv. 広く、幅広く、広範囲にわたって
make progress: 進展[進歩・進行]する
incredible: a. 信じられないほど素晴らしい、すごい、驚くべき、とてつもない
not long after: 〜から間もなく
largely: 大部分は、ほとんど、概して、主として
vaccine: n. ワクチン 、痘苗（とうびょう）
a couple: ２、３の
smallpox: n. 天然痘、疱瘡（ほうそう）
eradicate: vt. 〜を根絶する、撲滅する、絶やす
get down to ~: 〜にまで落ちる
measles: n. はしか、麻疹
accelerate: vt. 〜の速度を上げる、加速する：〜を促進する、速める
progress: n. 前進、進歩、向上、上達、進展、進捗
decade: n. １０年間、１０年
invent: vt. 〜を発明する、考案する、創作する
understanding: n. 知識、理解、解釈、理解、認識
delivery: n. 配達、配送
perform: vt. 〜を行う、実行する、執行する、果たす
miracle: n. 奇跡、驚くべきこと、奇跡的な出来事、偉業

解説

チャリティなどに限らず、全ての行動は１回限りのものやイベントによるものでは定着しません。毎日の地道な繰り返しが習慣になり結果を残すことになります。
ビルの話は、私たちが日々の行動をどう選び、どう実行していくかを考える参考になるでしょう。

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No.07

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? So I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that’s dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who’s powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who’s laid back.

ボキャブラリー

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? So I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that’s dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who’s powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who’s laid back.

in the case of ~：〜について言えば、〜については、〜にしてみれば
physiological：a. 生理学（上）の、生理的な
make up ~：〜を作り出す、作り上げる
in my case：私の場合
hormone：n. ホルモン
versus：a. 対、〜と対比[対照]して
the powerful：強いもの
the powerless：弱いもの
powerless：a. 弱い、無力な、権力のない、勢力のない
powerful：a. 強い、強力な、権力のある、勢力を持つ
not surprisingly：驚くことではないが、予想通り、当然のことながら
tend to ~ : 〜しがちである、〜する傾向がある
assertive: a. 積極的な、自己主張の強い、断定的な
confident: a. 自信にあふれた、大胆な
optimistic: a. 楽観的な、楽天的な、くよくよしない（⇔ pessimistic 悲観的な、厭世的な
chance: n. 賭け、（一か八かの）冒険
game of chance: （運が左右する）ゲーム [サイコロ、トランプなど]
abstractly: adv. 抽象的に（abstract: a. 抽象的な、観念的な）
take a risk[risks]: 危険を冒す
physiologically: 生理学的に
testosterone: n. テストステロン（精巣、卵巣などの「生殖器」から分泌される男性ホルモンの一種）
dominance: n. 支配、優勢、優越、[遺伝子の]優勢
cortisol: n. コルチゾール（副腎皮質から分泌されるホルモンで、糖質コルチコイドの一種）
stress hormone: ストレス・ホルモン
high-power: 活動的な、精力的な、強力な、質の優れた
alpha male: 群れを支配する雄、組織を率いる男性、[男性の]支配者、指導者、ボス
primate: n. 霊長類、霊長目の動物
hierarchy: （組織・社会などの）階層制、階層、階層型組織、序列
effective: a. （人・機械などが）有能な、性能のよい（⇔ ineffective)
react to ~ : 〜に反応する
reactive: a. よく反応する、敏感な
stress reactive: ストレス過敏な
laid-back: a. おおらかな、こだわりのない、気軽な

解説

普段から体を動かしていない人ほど、くよくよ悩んだり、自信をなくしたりする傾向があるようです。
定期的に体を動かす習慣をつけ、姿勢をよくし呼吸をしっかりとしていると、くよくよしたり、自信をなくすような状況に出会っても乗り越えられるようになります。
体を動かしたことがない人は、軽いウォーキングや体操から始め、少しずつヨガやティラピス、ジョギングやジムでの運動などをするとよいでしょう。
ヨガなどは誰でもできて長く続けられるのでお勧めです。

ヨガのDVDや本などを見て、ヨガを実践する方もいるようですが、体を動かすのが得意な人以外は、最初は経験者の指導のもとで行い、それから自分なりの方法で行うのがよいでしょう。

以下は女性に人気のあるヨガのDVDです。

Beauty YOGA [DVD]

Beauty YOGA 2  [DVD]

Beauty YOGA Journey  [DVD]

体を鍛えている人はこちらのほうが好きなようです。

ブライアン・ケスト パワーヨガ [DVD]

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No.05

CA: Melinda, you’re Roman Catholic, and you’ve often been embroiled in controversy over this issue, and on the abortion question, on both sides, really. How do you navigate that?

MG: Yeah, so I think that’s a really important point, which is, we had backed away from contraceptives as a global community. We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to contraceptives, even the contraceptives we have here in the United States, and we weren’t providing them because of the political controversy in our country, and to me that was just a crime, and I kept looking around trying to find the person that would get this back on the global stage, and I finally realized I just had to do it. And even though I’m Catholic, I believe in contraceptives just like most of the Catholic women in the United States who report using contraceptives, and I shouldn’t let that controversy be the thing that holds us back. We used to have consensus in the United States around contraceptives, and so we got back to that global consensus, and actually raised 2.6 billion dollars around exactly this issue for women. (Applause)

ボキャブラリー

CA: Melinda, you’re Roman Catholic, and you’ve often been embroiled in controversy over this issue, and on the abortion question, on both sides, really. How do you navigate that?

MG: Yeah, so I think that’s a really important point, which is, we had backed away from contraceptives as a global community. We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to contraceptives, even the contraceptives we have here in the United States, and we weren’t providing them because of the political controversy in our country, and to me that was just a crime, and I kept looking around trying to find the person that would get this back on the global stage, and I finally realized I just had to do it. And even though I’m Catholic, I believe in contraceptives just like most of the Catholic women in the United States who report using contraceptives, and I shouldn’t let that controversy be the thing that holds us back. We used to have consensus in the United States around contraceptives, and so we got back to that global consensus, and actually raised 2.6 billion dollars around exactly this issue for women. (Applause)

Roman Catholic: （キリスト教）ローマカトリック教徒（の）
embroil: vt. 【戦い・議論などに】〜を巻き込む(in)
issue: n. 問題、気がかり、争点、論点
abortion: n. 妊娠中絶、（人工）流産、堕胎
navigate: vt. 操縦する、誘導する、道を指図する；〜を導く、案内する
back away from ~: ～から後退する［後ずさりする・遠ざかる・身を引く・逃げ腰になる・腰が引ける］、～を敬遠する、～を取り下げる
contraceptive: n. 避妊薬、避妊用具：a. 避妊(用）の
grobal community: 国際社会、地球社会
access: n. （〜への）機会、権利、利用権、入手権（to）
provide: vt. （必要なもの）を提供する、与える、支給[給付]する
because of ~: 〜のせいで、〜のために
controversy: n. 論争、議論、論議、激論、
global stage: 国際舞台
political controversy: 政治議論、政治論争
even though: 〜にもかかわらず、〜だけれども、〜であるにしても
report ~ing: 〜したと報告する
hold back: 〜を引きとめる、〜にためらわせる、〜を伏せておく、隠す
consensus: n. 意見の一致、合意、総意
global consensus: 世界的な合意
raise: vt. （資金などを）集める、募る
billion: n. １０億

解説

主な避妊法
vasectomy: 精管切除、パイプカット（pipe-cut は和製英語）
Norplant: ノルプラント（皮下埋め込みホルモンカプセル）
tubal ligation: 卵管結紮（らんかんけっさつ）術【略】TL
Lunelle: ルネル（２種類のホルモン注射）
Depo-Provera: デポプロベラ（１種類のホルモン注射）
IUD: 子宮内避妊器具（= intrauterine device）
IUS: 子宮内避妊システム（= intrauterine contraceptive system）
pill: ピル、経口避妊薬（OC: = oral contraceptive 経口避妊薬）
condom: コンドーム

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No.06

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they’re participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?
So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who’s at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There’s a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?
There’s some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we’re forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you’re more likely to do this, but it’s also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.

ボキャブラリー

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they’re participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?
So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who’s at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There’s a lot of evidence. But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?
There’s some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we’re forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you’re more likely to do this, but it’s also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.

business school：〈米〉ビジネススクール、経営学大学院【略】BS
struggle with ~: 〜と闘う、格闘する、もみ合う
grade : n. 成績、評点、評価
gap：n. 隔たり、不一致、不均衡
gender grade gap: 男女間の成績のギャップ
equally：adv. 同じように、同様に、等しく、公平に
qualified : a. 資格要件を満たした、資質のある、能力のある、適任の
partly：adv. 一部分は、ある程度は、少しは、いくぶん
attributable to ~：〜のせいと考えられる、〜に起因する
wonder：vi. 知りたいと思う、疑問に思う
fake：vt. 〜のふりをする、装う
lead A to ~：Aを〜する気にさせる、Aに〜させる
collaborator：n.協力者、共著者、共同作成[研究]者
Dana Carney：デーナ・カーニー（カリフォルニア大学バークレー校の准教授）
make：vt. 〜の状態を作り出す、〜になる
behavioral：a. 行動の、行動に関する
outcome：n. 結果、成果、業績、所産
govern：vt. 〜に影響を与える、〜を左右する
evidence：n. 証拠、形跡
force to ~：無理矢理〜させる、〜することを強いる
（ここでは受け身でbe forced to ~「無理に〜させられる」の形になっている）
hold a pen in our teeth：ペンを歯にくわえる
it goes both ways：どちらの方向にも行く（「幸せ→笑う、笑う→幸せ」の両方向）
pretend to ~：〜のふりをする

解説

デーナ・カーニーとの共同研究はこちら→ “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance”

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No.04

CA: So, I asked each of you to pick an image that you like that illustrates your work, and Melinda, this is what you picked. What’s this about?

MG: So I, one of the things I love to do when I travel is to go out to the rural areas and talk to the women, whether it’s Bangladesh, India, lots of countries in Africa, and I go in as a Western woman without a name. I don’t tell them who I am. Pair of khakis. And I kept hearing from women, over and over and over, the more I traveled, “I want to be able to use this shot.” I would be there to talk to them about childhood vaccines, and they would bring the conversation around to “But what about the shot I get?” which is an injection they were getting called Depo-Provera, which is a contraceptive. And I would come back and talk to global health experts, and they’d say, “Oh no, contraceptives are stocked in in the developing world.” Well, you had to dig deeper into the reports, and this is what the team came to me with, which is, to have the number one thing that women tell you in Africa they want to use stocked out more than 200 days a year explains why women were saying to me, “I walked 10 kilometers without my husband knowing it, and I got to the clinic, and there was nothing there.” And so condoms were stocked in in Africa because of all the AIDS work that the U.S. and others supported. But women will tell you over and over again, “I can’t negotiate a condom with my husband. I’m either suggesting he has AIDS or I have AIDS, and I need that tool because then I can space the births of my children, and I can feed them and have a chance of educating them.”

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, I asked each of you to pick an image that you like that illustrates your work, and Melinda, this is what you picked. What’s this about?

MG: So I, one of the things I love to do when I travel is to go out to the rural areas and talk to the women, whether it’s Bangladesh, India, lots of countries in Africa, and I go in as a Western woman without a name. I don’t tell them who I am. Pair of khakis. And I kept hearing from women, over and over and over, the more I traveled, “I want to be able to use this shot.” I would be there to talk to them about childhood vaccines, and they would bring the conversation around to “But what about the shot I get?” which is an injection they were getting called Depo-Provera, which is a contraceptive. And I would come back and talk to global health experts, and they’d say, “Oh no, contraceptives are stocked in in the developing world.” Well, you had to dig deeper into the reports, and this is what the team came to me with, which is, to have the number one thing that women tell you in Africa they want to use stocked out more than 200 days a year explains why women were saying to me, “I walked 10 kilometers without my husband knowing it, and I got to the clinic, and there was nothing there.” And so condoms were stocked in in Africa because of all the AIDS work that the U.S. and others supported. But women will tell you over and over again, “I can’t negotiate a condom with my husband. I’m either suggesting he has AIDS or I have AIDS, and I need that tool because then I can space the births of my children, and I can feed them and have a chance of educating them.”

pick: vt. 選ぶ
image: n. 画像、イメージ
illustrate: vt. （例示や比較などで〜を）説明する、解説する
What’s this about?: これはどういうことですか？これは何のことですか？
Bangladesh: n. バングラデシュ（正式名、バングラデシュ人民共和国 the People’s Republic of Bangladesh; 首都ダッカDhaka。）
pair of ~: = a pair of ~ 一対の、一組の
khakis: n. （主に米）カーキ色のズボン ；カーキ色の軍服　cf. khakiだと不可算名詞で「カーキ色、カーキ色の布地」を意味する。
shot: n. ｟主に米くだけて｠皮下注射；ワクチン接種(injection)；(薬の)1服(dose);
childhood vaccine: 小児期ワクチン、子供の予防接種ワクチン
injection: n. 注射、注入；導入
Depo-Provera: n. デポ・プロベラ（3カ月に一度女性に注射する避妊法）
contraceptive: n. 避妊薬、避妊用具　a. 避妊(用）の
condom: n. コンドーム（避妊具）
stock: vt. （商品）を置いている、在庫として持っている、仕入れる
developing world: 途上世界
dig into ~: 〜を探る、突っ込んだ研究をする、〜を徹底的に調べる
clinic: n. 診療所、外来、病院、臨床講義
AIDS: エイズ、後天性免疫不全症候群（= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome）
work: n. 活動
support: vt. 支える、支持する、援助する、サポートする
AIDS: エイズ、後天性免疫不全症候群（= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome）
negotiate: vt. 〜について交渉する、交渉して取り決める
suggest: vt. 〜とそれとなく言う、ほのめかす；〜を提案する、持ちかける、言い出す
space: vt. 〜の間隔を空ける、〜の間にスペースを置く
birth: n. 出産、分娩；誕生、出生
feed: vt. 〜に食事を与える、〜を養う

解説

メリンダの選んだチャートは、ナイジェリアのカドゥナ、ケニアのナイロビにおける「女性が望む避妊法−入手できない日数」を表している。
カドゥナでは、避妊注射は１年のうち２３７日間、経口避妊薬は１０２日間入手不可。
ナイロビでは、避妊注射は１１７日間、インプラントは１８６日間入手不可。

チャート内単語
preferred: a. 気に入った、好ましい
women-preferred: 女性が望む
birth control: 避妊、妊娠調節、産児制限
days not available: 入手できない日数
injectable: n. 注射可能物質[薬物]：a. 注射可能な、注入可能な
pill: n. 経口避妊薬、ピル
implant: n. （シリコン・避妊具・人工臓器などの）インプラント、移植、埋没物

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No.05

So I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon as they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you’re not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

ボキャブラリー

So I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon as they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you’re not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

behavior：n. 態度、ふるまい
MBA：＝Master of Business Administration　経営学修士
exhibit：vt. 示す、表に出す、表す、誇示する
the full range of ~：全ての（範囲の）〜
caricature：n. 戯画、パロディ
alpha：n. 第１のもの、第１級[等]（ここでは「群れのボス」くらいの意味）
occupy：vt. 陣取る、占有する
spread out：広げる、展開する
raise one’s hand：手を挙げる、挙手する
virtually：adv. 事実上、実際には、ほとんど
collapse：vi. ：つぶれる、崩れる、崩壊する、へたり込む、へたへた座り込む
tiny：a. （物・人・事が）とても小さい、ちっちゃい、ごくわずかの
a couple of ~：《主に米》２、３の〜、少数の〜
it seems to be ~：〜のように見える、思える
related to ~ ：〜と関連した、関係のある
gender：n. ジェンダー、（社会的・文化的）性
cf.   sex：n. （生物学上の）性
be likely to ~：〜する可能性が高い、〜しそうである、
much more：はるかに、ずっと、なおさら
chronically：adv. 慢性的に、絶えず
extent：n. 程度、度合い
cf.   to the extent that …：〜という点で、〜する程度に応じて
（ここでの to which は to the extent that のこと）
participate：vi. （活動・行事などに）参加する、（積極的に）関与する (in)
cf. 「〜に参加する」には、join ~ / participate in ~ / take part in ~などがある。）
participation：n. 参加、関与
count for ~：〜の価値がある、〜に値する
grade：n.｟主に米｠成績, 評価, 評点(｟英｠mark)
half the grade 評価の半分

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No.03

CA: So, you’ve got a big pot of money and a world full of so many different issues. How on earth do you decide what to focus on?

BG: Well, we decided that we’d pick two causes, whatever the biggest inequity was globally, and there we looked at children dying, children not having enough nutrition to ever develop, and countries that were really stuck, because with that level of death, and parents would have so many kids that they’d get huge population growth, and that the kids were so sick that they really couldn’t be educated and lift themselves up. So that was our global thing, and then in the U.S., both of us have had amazing educations, and we saw that as the way that the U.S. could live up to its promise of equal opportunity is by having a phenomenal education system, and the more we learned, the more we realized we’re not really fulfilling that promise. And so we picked those two things, and everything the foundation does is focused there.

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, you’ve got a big pot of money and a world full of so many different issues. How on earth do you decide what to focus on?

BG: Well, we decided that we’d pick two causes, whatever the biggest inequity was globally, and there we looked at children dying, children not having enough nutrition to ever develop, and countries that were really stuck, because with that level of death, and parents would have so many kids that they’d get huge population growth, and that the kids were so sick that they really couldn’t be educated and lift themselves up. So that was our global thing, and then in the U.S., both of us have had amazing educations, and we saw that as the way that the U.S. could live up to its promise of equal opportunity is by having a phenomenal education system, and the more we learned, the more we realized we’re not really fulfilling that promise. And so we picked those two things, and everything the foundation does is focused there.

a pot of money: 大金（a big pot of money も同様に「かなりの大金」。make pots[a pot] of moneyで「大金を儲ける」
full of ~: 〜で満たされた、満ちた
issue: n. 争点、論点、問題、気がかり
on earth: 〔疑問を強調して〕一体（全体）
focus on ~: 〜に焦点を合わせる、〜に重点的に取り組む、〜に集中する
cause: n. 理由、動機；目的、目標；理念、信念、大義
inequity: n. 不公平、不公正
nutrition: n. 栄養摂取、栄養状態、食生活；栄養（成分）
stuck: a. （stickの過去分詞形）行き詰まった、動きが取れない
huge: a. 巨大な、大変な、でっかい、大した
population growth: 人口増加
lift up: 持ち上げる、高める、向上させる
live up to ~: 〜に従って行動する、〜に沿う、〜に応える
equal opportunity: （雇用）機会均等
phenomenal: a. 驚くべき、すばらしい；並外れた、まれに見る
education system: 教育制度、教育システム
fulfill: vt. 〔約束・契約・計画などを〕実行する、遂行する、実現させる、〔義務・命令などを〕は足す、全うする
promise: n. 約束

解説
１行目下線部：a world full of so many different issues. これは分詞構文。
もとは a world is full of so many different issues.
これが分詞構文になるとa world being full of so many different issues.
beingは省略されるので a world full of so many different issues.になった。

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No.04

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you’re basically opening up. It’s about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It’s not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.
What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing.
And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite of them.

ボキャブラリー

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you’re basically opening up. It’s about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It’s not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.
What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing.
And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite of them.

the animal kingdom：動物界
expand：n. 広がる、ふくらむ、拡大する、拡張する、発展する（   ここでは「力と支配の非言語表現とは何か」ということなので、「広がること」つまり、「自分を大きく見せること」だと言っている。）
stretch out：手の伸ばす、背伸びをする、羽を伸ばす
take up：（物が空間を）占める、取る
open up：広がる、広くなる
primate：霊長類の動物：[〜s]霊長類
chronically：adv. 慢性的に、絶えず
in the moment：その瞬間に
universal and old：普遍的で古い（直前のhowはこの二つにかかっている。「これらの力の表現がいかに普遍的で古いか」）
Jessica Tracy：ジェシカ・トレイシー（ブリティッシュ・コロンビア大学の心理学准教授）
pride: n. プライド、誇り、自尊心
sight：n. 視力、視覚
congenitally：adv. 先天的に、生来（congenital ：a. 生まれつきの、先天的な）
blind：a. 盲目の、目の見えない
physical competition：運動競技
finish line：ゴールライン、決勝線（cross the finish lineで「ゴールラインを切る」）
the arms up in the V：腕がV字型の挙げられて
slightly：わずかに、少し、かすかに
powerless：a. 無力な、非力な
opposite：n. 反対、反対の物
bump into ~：〜に衝突する、ぶつかる
put together：組み立てる、組み合わせる、考え合わせる、一緒にする
when it comes to ~：〜のことになると、〜に関して言えば
complement：vt. 補足する、補完する
mirror：vt. 〜を映す、反映する

解説

生まれつき盲目の人が運動競技で勝った時、目の見える人と同じように腕をVの字に突き上げる、というのは興味深いですね。
私たちが普段考えているよりも、体の姿勢というものがより密接に心と結びついていることが分かります。

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No.02

CA: So, given that this vacation led to the creation of the world’s biggest private foundation, it’s pretty expensive as vacations go. (Laughter)

MG: I guess so. We enjoyed it.

CA: Which of you was the key instigator here, or was it symmetrical?

Bill Gates: Well, I think we were excited that there’d be a phase of our life where we’d get to work together and figure out how to give this money back. At this stage, we were talking about the poorest, and could you have a big impact on them? Were there things that weren’t being done? There was a lot we didn’t know. Our naïveté is pretty incredible, when we look back on it. But we had a certain enthusiasm that that would be the phase, the post-Microsoft phase would be our philanthropy.

MG: Which Bill always thought was going to come after he was 60, so he hasn’t quite hit 60 yet, so some things change along the way.

CA: So it started there, but it got accelerated. So that was ’93, and it was ’97, really, before the foundation itself started.

MA: Yeah, in ’97, we read an article about diarrheal diseases killing so many kids around the world, and we kept saying to ourselves, “Well that can’t be. In the U.S., you just go down to the drug store.” And so we started gathering scientists and started learning about population, learning about vaccines, learning about what had worked and what had failed, and that’s really when we got going, was in late 1998, 1999.

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, given that this vacation led to the creation of the world’s biggest private foundation, it’s pretty expensive as vacations go. (Laughter)

MG: I guess so. We enjoyed it.

CA: Which of you was the key instigator here, or was it symmetrical?

Bill Gates: Well, I think we were excited that there’d be a phase of our life where we’d get to work together and figure out how to give this money back. At this stage, we were talking about the poorest, and could you have a big impact on them? Were there things that weren’t being done? There was a lot we didn’t know. Our naïveté is pretty incredible, when we look back on it. But we had a certain enthusiasm that that would be the phase, the post-Microsoft phase would be our philanthropy.

MG: Which Bill always thought was going to come after he was 60, so he hasn’t quite hit 60 yet, so some things change along the way.

CA: So it started there, but it got accelerated. So that was ’93, and it was ’97, really, before the foundation itself started.

MA: Yeah, in ’97, we read an article about diarrheal diseases killing so many kids around the world, and we kept saying to ourselves, “Well that can’t be. In the U.S., you just go down to the drug store.” And so we started gathering scientists and started learning about population, learning about vaccines, learning about what had worked and what had failed, and that’s really when we got going, was in late 1998, 1999.

given that ~ : もし〔that以下〕ならば、〔that以下〕を考えれば
lead to ~: 〔事が〕～につながる、結果として～に導く、～を引き起こす、～をもたらす、～の原因となる
foundation: n. (慈善事業研究などに資金を供給する)財団、基金
private foundation: 私立財団
pretty: adv. ずいぶんと、とても、かなり、非常に（= very much）
as ~ go: 〜の標準から言うと、〜としては
key: a. 主要な、重要な
instigator: n. 扇動者
symmetrical: a. 対称的な；釣り合い[均整]の取れた(balanced)
phase: n. 段階、局面
figure out: 考え出す、見つけ出す、理解する
stage: n. 段階、局面
at this stage: この段階で
the poorest: 最貧困層
impact: n. 〔〜への〕（社会的・精神的）影響、衝撃、効果〔on, upon〕
naïveté: n. （フランス語）純朴さ、素朴さ、ばか正直、だまされやすいこと
incredible: a. 信じられない、信じがたい、信用できない、すごい、驚くべき
look back on ~ : （過去の出来事などを）振り返る、回想する
enthusiasm: n. 熱意、やる気、熱中、熱狂
philanthropy: n. 慈善、慈善活動、社会奉仕事業、慈善団体
not quite: まったく〜というわけではない、必ずしも〜ではない
hit: vt. 〜に達する、〜に着く、〜に至る
along the way: 途中で、ここに至るまでに
accelerate: vt. 〜を加速する、〜を促進する、速める
diarrheal: a. 下痢の（下痢 = diarrhea）
that can be.: そんなはずはない、そんなばかな、そんなことはあり得ない
drug store: ｟米｠ドラッグストア、薬局、 薬屋 (｟英｠chemist(‘s) (shop)) 〘薬のほか, 化粧品日用品飲食物などを販売する〙.
population: n. 人口、（ある特徴を共有する）人々、集団
vaccine: n. ワクチン
work: vi. （計画・手段・機構などが）うまく働く、効果がある、（薬などが）効く
fail: vi. （試み・計画・事業などが）失敗する、うまくいかない

解説

１行目、” given that this vacation led to the creation of the world’s biggest private foundation, it’s pretty expensive as vacations go”.「もしこの旅行が世界最大の私立財団につながるとしたら、旅行としてはかなり高額ですね（笑い）」：これは、財団が、例えば2005年には国際団体「ワクチンと予防接種のための世界同盟」に7億5000万ドルの寄付を発表するなど、民間としては最大規模の寄付をし、また2006年、ゲイツ夫妻の死後50年以内に財団の資産を使い切って活動を終えると発表しているので、そのアイデアのきっかけとなった旅行の代金としてはかなりの高額ですね、と言っている。