タグ: English

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No.04

CA: So, I asked each of you to pick an image that you like that illustrates your work, and Melinda, this is what you picked. What’s this about?

MG: So I, one of the things I love to do when I travel is to go out to the rural areas and talk to the women, whether it’s Bangladesh, India, lots of countries in Africa, and I go in as a Western woman without a name. I don’t tell them who I am. Pair of khakis. And I kept hearing from women, over and over and over, the more I traveled, “I want to be able to use this shot.” I would be there to talk to them about childhood vaccines, and they would bring the conversation around to “But what about the shot I get?” which is an injection they were getting called Depo-Provera, which is a contraceptive. And I would come back and talk to global health experts, and they’d say, “Oh no, contraceptives are stocked in in the developing world.” Well, you had to dig deeper into the reports, and this is what the team came to me with, which is, to have the number one thing that women tell you in Africa they want to use stocked out more than 200 days a year explains why women were saying to me, “I walked 10 kilometers without my husband knowing it, and I got to the clinic, and there was nothing there.” And so condoms were stocked in in Africa because of all the AIDS work that the U.S. and others supported. But women will tell you over and over again, “I can’t negotiate a condom with my husband. I’m either suggesting he has AIDS or I have AIDS, and I need that tool because then I can space the births of my children, and I can feed them and have a chance of educating them.”

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, I asked each of you to pick an image that you like that illustrates your work, and Melinda, this is what you picked. What’s this about?

MG: So I, one of the things I love to do when I travel is to go out to the rural areas and talk to the women, whether it’s Bangladesh, India, lots of countries in Africa, and I go in as a Western woman without a name. I don’t tell them who I am. Pair of khakis. And I kept hearing from women, over and over and over, the more I traveled, “I want to be able to use this shot.” I would be there to talk to them about childhood vaccines, and they would bring the conversation around to “But what about the shot I get?” which is an injection they were getting called Depo-Provera, which is a contraceptive. And I would come back and talk to global health experts, and they’d say, “Oh no, contraceptives are stocked in in the developing world.” Well, you had to dig deeper into the reports, and this is what the team came to me with, which is, to have the number one thing that women tell you in Africa they want to use stocked out more than 200 days a year explains why women were saying to me, “I walked 10 kilometers without my husband knowing it, and I got to the clinic, and there was nothing there.” And so condoms were stocked in in Africa because of all the AIDS work that the U.S. and others supported. But women will tell you over and over again, “I can’t negotiate a condom with my husband. I’m either suggesting he has AIDS or I have AIDS, and I need that tool because then I can space the births of my children, and I can feed them and have a chance of educating them.”

pick: vt. 選ぶ
image: n. 画像、イメージ
illustrate: vt. （例示や比較などで〜を）説明する、解説する
What’s this about?: これはどういうことですか？これは何のことですか？
Bangladesh: n. バングラデシュ（正式名、バングラデシュ人民共和国 the People’s Republic of Bangladesh; 首都ダッカDhaka。）
pair of ~: = a pair of ~ 一対の、一組の
khakis: n. （主に米）カーキ色のズボン ；カーキ色の軍服　cf. khakiだと不可算名詞で「カーキ色、カーキ色の布地」を意味する。
shot: n. ｟主に米くだけて｠皮下注射；ワクチン接種(injection)；(薬の)1服(dose);
childhood vaccine: 小児期ワクチン、子供の予防接種ワクチン
injection: n. 注射、注入；導入
Depo-Provera: n. デポ・プロベラ（3カ月に一度女性に注射する避妊法）
contraceptive: n. 避妊薬、避妊用具　a. 避妊(用）の
condom: n. コンドーム（避妊具）
stock: vt. （商品）を置いている、在庫として持っている、仕入れる
developing world: 途上世界
dig into ~: 〜を探る、突っ込んだ研究をする、〜を徹底的に調べる
clinic: n. 診療所、外来、病院、臨床講義
AIDS: エイズ、後天性免疫不全症候群（= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome）
work: n. 活動
support: vt. 支える、支持する、援助する、サポートする
AIDS: エイズ、後天性免疫不全症候群（= acquired immunodeficiency syndrome）
negotiate: vt. 〜について交渉する、交渉して取り決める
suggest: vt. 〜とそれとなく言う、ほのめかす；〜を提案する、持ちかける、言い出す
space: vt. 〜の間隔を空ける、〜の間にスペースを置く
birth: n. 出産、分娩；誕生、出生
feed: vt. 〜に食事を与える、〜を養う

解説

メリンダの選んだチャートは、ナイジェリアのカドゥナ、ケニアのナイロビにおける「女性が望む避妊法−入手できない日数」を表している。
カドゥナでは、避妊注射は１年のうち２３７日間、経口避妊薬は１０２日間入手不可。
ナイロビでは、避妊注射は１１７日間、インプラントは１８６日間入手不可。

チャート内単語
preferred: a. 気に入った、好ましい
women-preferred: 女性が望む
birth control: 避妊、妊娠調節、産児制限
days not available: 入手できない日数
injectable: n. 注射可能物質[薬物]：a. 注射可能な、注入可能な
pill: n. 経口避妊薬、ピル
implant: n. （シリコン・避妊具・人工臓器などの）インプラント、移植、埋没物

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No.05

So I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon as they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you’re not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

ボキャブラリー

So I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon as they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you’re not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

behavior：n. 態度、ふるまい
MBA：＝Master of Business Administration　経営学修士
exhibit：vt. 示す、表に出す、表す、誇示する
the full range of ~：全ての（範囲の）〜
caricature：n. 戯画、パロディ
alpha：n. 第１のもの、第１級[等]（ここでは「群れのボス」くらいの意味）
occupy：vt. 陣取る、占有する
spread out：広げる、展開する
raise one’s hand：手を挙げる、挙手する
virtually：adv. 事実上、実際には、ほとんど
collapse：vi. ：つぶれる、崩れる、崩壊する、へたり込む、へたへた座り込む
tiny：a. （物・人・事が）とても小さい、ちっちゃい、ごくわずかの
a couple of ~：《主に米》２、３の〜、少数の〜
it seems to be ~：〜のように見える、思える
related to ~ ：〜と関連した、関係のある
gender：n. ジェンダー、（社会的・文化的）性
cf.   sex：n. （生物学上の）性
be likely to ~：〜する可能性が高い、〜しそうである、
much more：はるかに、ずっと、なおさら
chronically：adv. 慢性的に、絶えず
extent：n. 程度、度合い
cf.   to the extent that …：〜という点で、〜する程度に応じて
（ここでの to which は to the extent that のこと）
participate：vi. （活動・行事などに）参加する、（積極的に）関与する (in)
cf. 「〜に参加する」には、join ~ / participate in ~ / take part in ~などがある。）
participation：n. 参加、関与
count for ~：〜の価値がある、〜に値する
grade：n.｟主に米｠成績, 評価, 評点(｟英｠mark)
half the grade 評価の半分

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No.03

CA: So, you’ve got a big pot of money and a world full of so many different issues. How on earth do you decide what to focus on?

BG: Well, we decided that we’d pick two causes, whatever the biggest inequity was globally, and there we looked at children dying, children not having enough nutrition to ever develop, and countries that were really stuck, because with that level of death, and parents would have so many kids that they’d get huge population growth, and that the kids were so sick that they really couldn’t be educated and lift themselves up. So that was our global thing, and then in the U.S., both of us have had amazing educations, and we saw that as the way that the U.S. could live up to its promise of equal opportunity is by having a phenomenal education system, and the more we learned, the more we realized we’re not really fulfilling that promise. And so we picked those two things, and everything the foundation does is focused there.

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, you’ve got a big pot of money and a world full of so many different issues. How on earth do you decide what to focus on?

BG: Well, we decided that we’d pick two causes, whatever the biggest inequity was globally, and there we looked at children dying, children not having enough nutrition to ever develop, and countries that were really stuck, because with that level of death, and parents would have so many kids that they’d get huge population growth, and that the kids were so sick that they really couldn’t be educated and lift themselves up. So that was our global thing, and then in the U.S., both of us have had amazing educations, and we saw that as the way that the U.S. could live up to its promise of equal opportunity is by having a phenomenal education system, and the more we learned, the more we realized we’re not really fulfilling that promise. And so we picked those two things, and everything the foundation does is focused there.

a pot of money: 大金（a big pot of money も同様に「かなりの大金」。make pots[a pot] of moneyで「大金を儲ける」
full of ~: 〜で満たされた、満ちた
issue: n. 争点、論点、問題、気がかり
on earth: 〔疑問を強調して〕一体（全体）
focus on ~: 〜に焦点を合わせる、〜に重点的に取り組む、〜に集中する
cause: n. 理由、動機；目的、目標；理念、信念、大義
inequity: n. 不公平、不公正
nutrition: n. 栄養摂取、栄養状態、食生活；栄養（成分）
stuck: a. （stickの過去分詞形）行き詰まった、動きが取れない
huge: a. 巨大な、大変な、でっかい、大した
population growth: 人口増加
lift up: 持ち上げる、高める、向上させる
live up to ~: 〜に従って行動する、〜に沿う、〜に応える
equal opportunity: （雇用）機会均等
phenomenal: a. 驚くべき、すばらしい；並外れた、まれに見る
education system: 教育制度、教育システム
fulfill: vt. 〔約束・契約・計画などを〕実行する、遂行する、実現させる、〔義務・命令などを〕は足す、全うする
promise: n. 約束

解説
１行目下線部：a world full of so many different issues. これは分詞構文。
もとは a world is full of so many different issues.
これが分詞構文になるとa world being full of so many different issues.
beingは省略されるので a world full of so many different issues.になった。

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No.04

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you’re basically opening up. It’s about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It’s not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.
What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing.
And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite of them.

ボキャブラリー

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you’re basically opening up. It’s about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It’s not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.
What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing.
And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite of them.

the animal kingdom：動物界
expand：n. 広がる、ふくらむ、拡大する、拡張する、発展する（   ここでは「力と支配の非言語表現とは何か」ということなので、「広がること」つまり、「自分を大きく見せること」だと言っている。）
stretch out：手の伸ばす、背伸びをする、羽を伸ばす
take up：（物が空間を）占める、取る
open up：広がる、広くなる
primate：霊長類の動物：[〜s]霊長類
chronically：adv. 慢性的に、絶えず
in the moment：その瞬間に
universal and old：普遍的で古い（直前のhowはこの二つにかかっている。「これらの力の表現がいかに普遍的で古いか」）
Jessica Tracy：ジェシカ・トレイシー（ブリティッシュ・コロンビア大学の心理学准教授）
pride: n. プライド、誇り、自尊心
sight：n. 視力、視覚
congenitally：adv. 先天的に、生来（congenital ：a. 生まれつきの、先天的な）
blind：a. 盲目の、目の見えない
physical competition：運動競技
finish line：ゴールライン、決勝線（cross the finish lineで「ゴールラインを切る」）
the arms up in the V：腕がV字型の挙げられて
slightly：わずかに、少し、かすかに
powerless：a. 無力な、非力な
opposite：n. 反対、反対の物
bump into ~：〜に衝突する、ぶつかる
put together：組み立てる、組み合わせる、考え合わせる、一緒にする
when it comes to ~：〜のことになると、〜に関して言えば
complement：vt. 補足する、補完する
mirror：vt. 〜を映す、反映する

解説

生まれつき盲目の人が運動競技で勝った時、目の見える人と同じように腕をVの字に突き上げる、というのは興味深いですね。
私たちが普段考えているよりも、体の姿勢というものがより密接に心と結びついていることが分かります。

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No.02

CA: So, given that this vacation led to the creation of the world’s biggest private foundation, it’s pretty expensive as vacations go. (Laughter)

MG: I guess so. We enjoyed it.

CA: Which of you was the key instigator here, or was it symmetrical?

Bill Gates: Well, I think we were excited that there’d be a phase of our life where we’d get to work together and figure out how to give this money back. At this stage, we were talking about the poorest, and could you have a big impact on them? Were there things that weren’t being done? There was a lot we didn’t know. Our naïveté is pretty incredible, when we look back on it. But we had a certain enthusiasm that that would be the phase, the post-Microsoft phase would be our philanthropy.

MG: Which Bill always thought was going to come after he was 60, so he hasn’t quite hit 60 yet, so some things change along the way.

CA: So it started there, but it got accelerated. So that was ’93, and it was ’97, really, before the foundation itself started.

MA: Yeah, in ’97, we read an article about diarrheal diseases killing so many kids around the world, and we kept saying to ourselves, “Well that can’t be. In the U.S., you just go down to the drug store.” And so we started gathering scientists and started learning about population, learning about vaccines, learning about what had worked and what had failed, and that’s really when we got going, was in late 1998, 1999.

ボキャブラリー

CA: So, given that this vacation led to the creation of the world’s biggest private foundation, it’s pretty expensive as vacations go. (Laughter)

MG: I guess so. We enjoyed it.

CA: Which of you was the key instigator here, or was it symmetrical?

Bill Gates: Well, I think we were excited that there’d be a phase of our life where we’d get to work together and figure out how to give this money back. At this stage, we were talking about the poorest, and could you have a big impact on them? Were there things that weren’t being done? There was a lot we didn’t know. Our naïveté is pretty incredible, when we look back on it. But we had a certain enthusiasm that that would be the phase, the post-Microsoft phase would be our philanthropy.

MG: Which Bill always thought was going to come after he was 60, so he hasn’t quite hit 60 yet, so some things change along the way.

CA: So it started there, but it got accelerated. So that was ’93, and it was ’97, really, before the foundation itself started.

MA: Yeah, in ’97, we read an article about diarrheal diseases killing so many kids around the world, and we kept saying to ourselves, “Well that can’t be. In the U.S., you just go down to the drug store.” And so we started gathering scientists and started learning about population, learning about vaccines, learning about what had worked and what had failed, and that’s really when we got going, was in late 1998, 1999.

given that ~ : もし〔that以下〕ならば、〔that以下〕を考えれば
lead to ~: 〔事が〕～につながる、結果として～に導く、～を引き起こす、～をもたらす、～の原因となる
foundation: n. (慈善事業研究などに資金を供給する)財団、基金
private foundation: 私立財団
pretty: adv. ずいぶんと、とても、かなり、非常に（= very much）
as ~ go: 〜の標準から言うと、〜としては
key: a. 主要な、重要な
instigator: n. 扇動者
symmetrical: a. 対称的な；釣り合い[均整]の取れた(balanced)
phase: n. 段階、局面
figure out: 考え出す、見つけ出す、理解する
stage: n. 段階、局面
at this stage: この段階で
the poorest: 最貧困層
impact: n. 〔〜への〕（社会的・精神的）影響、衝撃、効果〔on, upon〕
naïveté: n. （フランス語）純朴さ、素朴さ、ばか正直、だまされやすいこと
incredible: a. 信じられない、信じがたい、信用できない、すごい、驚くべき
look back on ~ : （過去の出来事などを）振り返る、回想する
enthusiasm: n. 熱意、やる気、熱中、熱狂
philanthropy: n. 慈善、慈善活動、社会奉仕事業、慈善団体
not quite: まったく〜というわけではない、必ずしも〜ではない
hit: vt. 〜に達する、〜に着く、〜に至る
along the way: 途中で、ここに至るまでに
accelerate: vt. 〜を加速する、〜を促進する、速める
diarrheal: a. 下痢の（下痢 = diarrhea）
that can be.: そんなはずはない、そんなばかな、そんなことはあり得ない
drug store: ｟米｠ドラッグストア、薬局、 薬屋 (｟英｠chemist(‘s) (shop)) 〘薬のほか, 化粧品日用品飲食物などを販売する〙.
population: n. 人口、（ある特徴を共有する）人々、集団
vaccine: n. ワクチン
work: vi. （計画・手段・機構などが）うまく働く、効果がある、（薬などが）効く
fail: vi. （試み・計画・事業などが）失敗する、うまくいかない

解説

１行目、” given that this vacation led to the creation of the world’s biggest private foundation, it’s pretty expensive as vacations go”.「もしこの旅行が世界最大の私立財団につながるとしたら、旅行としてはかなり高額ですね（笑い）」：これは、財団が、例えば2005年には国際団体「ワクチンと予防接種のための世界同盟」に7億5000万ドルの寄付を発表するなど、民間としては最大規模の寄付をし、また2006年、ゲイツ夫妻の死後50年以内に財団の資産を使い切って活動を終えると発表しているので、そのアイデアのきっかけとなった旅行の代金としてはかなりの高額ですね、と言っている。

 

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No.01

Chris Anderson: So, this is an interview with a difference. On the basis that a picture is worth a thousand words, what I did was, I asked Bill and Melinda to dig out from their archive some images that would help explain some of what they’ve done, and do a few things that way. So, we’re going to start here. Melinda, when and where was this, and who is that handsome man next to you?

Melinda Gates: With those big glasses, huh? This is in Africa, our very first trip, the first time either of us had ever been to Africa, in the fall of 1993. We were already engaged to be married. We married a few months later, and this was the trip where we really went to see the animals and to see the savanna. It was incredible. Bill had never taken that much time off from work. But what really touched us, actually, were the people, and the extreme poverty. We started asking ourselves questions. Does it have to be like this? And at the end of the trip, we went out to Zanzibar, and took some time to walk on the beach, which is something we had done a lot while we were dating. And we’d already been talking about during that time that the wealth that had come from Microsoft would be given back to society, but it was really on that beach walk that we started to talk about, well, what might we do and how might we go about it?

 

ボキャブラリー

Chris Anderson: So, this is an interview with a difference. On the basis that a picture is worth a thousand words, what I did was, I asked Bill and Melinda to dig out from their archive some images that would help explain some of what they’ve done, and do a few things that way. So, we’re going to start here. Melinda, when and where was this, and who is that handsome man next to you?

Melinda Gates: With those big glasses, huh? This is in Africa, our very first trip, the first time either of us had ever been to Africa, in the fall of 1993. We were already engaged to be married. We married a few months later, and this was the trip where we really went to see the animals and to see the savanna. It was incredible. Bill had never taken that much time off from work. But what really touched us, actually, were the people, and the extreme poverty. We started asking ourselves questions. Does it have to be like this? And at the end of the trip, we went out to Zanzibar, and took some time to walk on the beach, which is something we had done a lot while we were dating. And we’d already been talking about during that time that the wealth that had come from Microsoft would be given back to society, but it was really on that beach walk that we started to talk about, well, what might we do and how might we go about it?

 

with a difference : 一風変わった、ひと味違った、珍しい、普通と違った
On the basis that: 〜ということに基づいて、という前提で
worth ~: a. 〜の価値がある、〜に値する、〜に相当する
A picture is worth a thousand words.: 百聞は一見に如かず。（その他、Seeing is believing.という表現もある）
dig out : 掘り出す、探し出す
archive: n. 保存記録、ファイル保管庫、アーカイブ、書庫〘バックアップ用に圧縮した保存参照用の文書; ネット上のものもさす〙
With those big glasses, huh?: でっかいメガネの人のこと？（「写真の中の隣のカッコいい男性は誰ですか？」と聞かれて、「でっかいメガネの人？」とふざけている。）
very first: ほんとうに最初の
the first time: 《名詞的に》最初
be engaged (to be married) : 婚約している（「〜と婚約している」は be engaged to ~）
savanna: n. サバンナ（熱帯・亜熱帯地域の草原）
incredible: a. 信じられない、とてつもない、途方もない、最高の
take time off from work: 仕事の休みを取る
touch: vt. 感動させる、影響を及ぼす
extreme: a. 極度の、行き過ぎた、徹底的な
poverty: n. 貧困、貧窮、欠乏、不足
at the end of ~ : 〜の終わり[終端、端]に
Zanzibar: ザンジバル（タンザニア連合共和国に属する）
take time to ~ : 時間を取って〜する、〜するための時間を取る、〜するために時間を割く
during that time: その間に
give back to ~ : 〜に還元する、お返しをする

 

解説

ビル・ゲイツ：言わずと知れた、MS-DOSやWindowsの開発者でマイクロソフトのトップ。2014年2月4日、マイクロソフトの会長職から退いて「技術担当アドバイザー」。
2000年に妻メリンダと世界最大の慈善基金団体「ビル&メリンダ・ゲイツ財団（Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation、B&MGF）」を創設。途上国のエイズ、マラリア、結核の根絶や教育、識字の水準の改善などに尽力している。

1977年に交通違反を犯したときの写真（ウィキペディアより）

Bill Gates, Melinda Gates:
Why giving away our wealth has been the most satisfying thing we’ve done

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→トランスクリプト

No.01,  No.02,  No.03,  No.04,  No.05,
No.06,  No.07,  No.08,  No.09,  No.10,
No.11,  No.12,  No.13,  No.14,  No.15.

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No.03

And there’s a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people’s body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date.

For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician’s niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn’t have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted?
Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates’ faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let’s go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right?

So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that’s influenced by our nonverbals, and that’s ourselves.
We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. So what nonverbals am I talking about? I’m a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.

ボキャブラリー

And there’s a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people’s body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, and who we ask out on a date.

For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician’s niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn’t have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted?
Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates‘ faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let’s go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right?

So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that’s influenced by our nonverbals, and that’s ourselves.
We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. So what nonverbals am I talking about? I’m a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.

valid：a. 正当な、妥当な、根拠のある
social scientist：n. 社会科学者
spend：vt. 《〜するのに》〜を使う、費やす(on)doing/on
onは省略されることもある。ここではlooking atの前のonが省略されている。
effect：n. 影響、効果　（effects on で「〜に対する影響」なので、あとのon judgmentにかかる。つまり「判断への影響」）
judgment：n. 意見、見解、判断
sweeping：n. 広範囲にわたる；全面的な、大々的な、徹底的な
inference：n. 推測、推論、推察
predict：vt. 〜を予測する、予言する
outcome：n. 結果、結論、成果
hire：vt. （人）を雇う
promote：vt. 昇進させる、昇格させる
ask out：（人）をデートに誘う、招く、招待する
ask out on a date = ask out for a date　「デートに誘う」
researcher：n. 研究者
30-minute：← 30-secondの言い間違い（[文法]：30は複数だが、30-minuteという言葉は形容詞なので、minuteは複数形にしない。30-secondも同様。）
soundless：a. 音のしない
clip：n. （映画・テレビ番組などの）一こま、一場面、ビデオクリップ
physician：医師
patient：患者
physician-patient：a. 医師と患者の
niceness：n. 優しい気持ち、心地良さ、優しさ
whether or not that ~：〜かどうか
sue：訴える
have to do with ~：〜と関係がある、〜に関連している
incompetent：a. 無能な、能力のない
interact：vi. 交流する、ふれ合う
candidate：n. 候補者、志願者
judgments of political candidates’ faces in just one second これ全てがpredictの主語「候補者を１秒間見るだけの判断が」
gubernatorial：a. 知事の
gubernatorial race：知事選挙戦
gubernatorial election：知事選挙
governor：知事
digital：a. デジタルの
emoticon：n. 顔文字（「emotion感情」と「iconアイコン」から作られた造語）
claim：vt. （関心などを）呼ぶ、勝ち取る
negotiation：n. 交渉、話し合い
lead to ~：〜をもたらす、引き起こす、〜につながる
poorly：adv. 下手に、まずく、不完全に
influence：vt. 〜に影響を与える、感化する
physiology：n. 生理、生理機能；生理学（ここでは「体、身体」くらいの意味）
prejudice：n. 先入観、偏見
competitive：a. 競争心の強い、競争力のある
business school：〈米〉ビジネススクール、経営学大学院【略】BS
inevitable：a. 避けられない、不可避の、当然の、必ず起こる、必然的な
dynamics：n. （複数扱い）相互の力関係；（単数扱い）力学
power dynamics：力関係
dominance：n. 支配、優勢、優越

解説

人というのは面白いもので、誰かを判断する基準は、誰かが正しいことを言っているか正しいことをしているかどうかではなく、瞬間に自分が見た感覚で、それもほぼ自分勝手な思いで判断しているようです。物事を先入観や判断なしに見つめるというのが大切なのでしょう。
また、自分の非言語行動が他人の判断に影響を与えるだけでなく、実は自分の心にも影響を与えているということを忘れがちだ、ということを覚えておきたいですね。

Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are

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→ トランスクリプト

No.01,　No.02,　No.03,　No.04,　No05,　No.06,　No.07, 　No.08,　No.09,　No.10,　No.11,　No.12,　No.13.

 

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No.02

[audio:http://akioiwai.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Amy-Cuddy2-20.mp3]

[audio:http://akioiwai.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Amy-Cuddy2.mp3]

[audio:http://akioiwai.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/d9fd384044fc4ac062357d4b864e377f.mp3]

So, we’re really fascinated with body language, and we’re particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.

Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? No. (Laughter) (Applause)

So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language — but we call it nonverbals as social scientists — it’s language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What’s mine communicating to you?

 

ボキャブラリー

So, we’re really fascinated with body language, and we’re particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.

Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? No. (Laughter) (Applause)

So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language — but we call it nonverbals as social scientists — it’s language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What’s mine communicating to you?

 

fascinate：vt.（人）の心を強く捕える；〜を魅了する（しばしば受け身で使う）
be fascinated with ~：～にうっとりする、魅了される、心を奪われる、夢中になる
body language：ボディ・ランゲージ、身体言語
awkward：a. ぎこちない、不器用な、ぎくしゃくした
interaction：n. 交流、ふれあい；相互作用
contemptuous：a. 軽蔑的な、人をバカにした
glance：n. 一瞥、ちらりと見ること
cf.  at a(single) glance：一見して、一目で
at first glance：一見したところでは、一目見て
handshake：n. 握手

narrator：n. ナレーター、語り手
Number 10：n. （＝Number 10 Downing Street）１０番地、イギリスの首相官邸（ダウニング街１０番地がイギリスの首相が住む官邸の所在地なのでこう呼ばれる。イギリス政府をさすこともある。）
here comes ~：〜がやって来ます、やって来ました
applause：n. 拍手（喝采）

have us talking：話題に上る、噂の的になる。
have everyone talking（みんなの噂の的になる）
for weeks：何週間も
for weeks and weeks and weeks：何週間も何週間も何週間も
obviously：adv. 明らかに、明白に
nonverbal：a. 言葉によらない、言葉を使わない（表情・身ぶり・声の調子など）
behavior：n.（人の）ふるまい、行動、行儀、態度
nonverbals：n.（もともとnonverbalには名詞はないが、ここではnonverbal behavior 非言語行動の意味で使っている）
communication：n. 伝達、やり取り、コミュニケーション
communicate：vi. 情報を交換する、意図を伝達する

 

解説

body language：ボディ・ランゲージについては、今ではたくさんの情報が入手できます。簡単にボディ・ランゲージについて簡単に知りたい方はこちらのサイトを参照して下さい。面白いですよ。
→ ボディーランゲージから相手の隠された本音を読み解く方法
→ How to Read Body Language to Reveal the Underlying Truth in Almost Any Situation